Delaney Mossbacher Characterization Essay

Delaney Mossbacher resides in the hills of Topanga Canyon, away from the rest of Los Angeles and its ethnic problems; he tells himself it is to feel at peace with nature. He disagrees with the idea of living in the seclusion of the white American neighborhood of Arroyo Blanco to escape ethnic disputes the city holds; he lives in Topanga Canyon to satisfy his environmentalist title. After letting Delaney’s character develop more to give further insight on who Delaney truly is, there is no need to address how one action of his gives him a specific trait. Delaney strongly stands by his liberal views when other characters criticize Mexican immigrants, but when he is faced with a situation possibly involving a Mexican immigrant his liberal views dissipate. Delaney can give off a sense of awkwardness when found in an uncomfortable situation, but he can’t be classified as being completely socially awkward. He does, however, possess an introverted personality. He will not be the type of person to take charge or one to freely initiate a conversation. At this point of his life Delaney is being bombarded with a number of incidents that cause him to formulate a dislike and anger toward Mexican immigrants. Delaney allows what occurs around him to dictate how he reacts to situations. This starts to promote contrast in his liberal views, making him a product of the society and cultural views that surround him. At first attempt to characterize Delaney it took a number of possible traits, and it summed up to: Delaney struggles to be a normal person due to his social awkwardness and lack of common sense, but that was only with part one of The Tortilla Curtain. After seeing further development of Delaney’s character, it is observed he does communicate well with others unless he’s uncomfortable, his marriage is normal and has its rough patches like most other relationships, and that Delaney isn’t completely irrational in the way he reacts in stressful situations. Delaney reacts on impulse and jumps to conclusions like most people do. â€Å"Delaney would be on his own. But Delaney didn’t want to be on his own (225). † In part one, solitude seems to enlighten Delaney, though he clearly states he doesn’t like being alone in part two. Yet he is alone for the majority of each day, Delaney enjoys the company of others and expresses how he eagerly waits for the Kyra to return at the end of each day. So Delaney keeps himself productive and finds things to do while Kyra is at work. So why did Delaney marry Kyra if she is a workaholic? Delaney finds happiness in his life by catering to Kyra, he feels she compliments him by completing everything he isn’t. Delaney is a proud liberal humanist, proud that he stands for the right for anyone to have to the right to pursue the American dream and pursue a better life. He is all for everyone having their rights when it best suits him, but where do these liberal views go when he assumes Mexican immigrants are camping in the canyon leaving their trash in attempt to make it a garbage dump, a little Tijuana (Boyle 11)? When he concludes Mexican immigrants stole his car? When he absolutely knows what Jose Navidad is doing in his neighborhood demanding the Mexican man to explain himself. Ever since he hit Candido, Delaney has sheltered inner conflict within him and doesn’t become apparent to what he is becoming until the incident in his cul de sac, â€Å"so devastated he couldn’t speak, what was happening to him, what was he becoming (229)? † Delaney is back and forth between two different people, he is not a liberal humanist he is a hypocrite. The Delaney that’s shows concern for the immigrants, like after the news that the corner of Shoup and Ventura had been cleaned up along with the labor exchange, his thoughts are, â€Å"Where were these people supposed to go (193)? † The Delaney that still has glimpses of his liberal views is contrast with the new Delaney. The Delaney becoming a product of the society that surrounds him is starting to shape his thoughts, thus the first impulses and conclusions he has are racist. Delaney is from New York. The east coast has a large diversity of ethnic cultures due to the many European immigrants that had immigrated generations before. Delaney’s liberal views could have been shaped by the culture he grew up in because of the large diversity of race after so long. There was not a large amount of racism on the east coast, and or he received the same kind of racial tension for being Irish-American. Now that he resides in California and he is now part of the white superior group, the people around him like to conservatively think they are better than anyone else. Whatever the underlying cause of his sudden change of feelings towards Mexican immigrants, it is do the influences that had started to take affect around him. Delaney channels his anger through his writing; he uses his articles Pilgrim at Topanga Creek to describe the coyote but the coyote is symbolic of much more than itself. It symbolizes the life of the Mexican immigrants. He uses the coyotes as metaphor to stand for Mexican immigrants, because like the coyote, the immigrants also coincide among the white American population, struggling to survive. There is a fence between the coyotes and the Mossbacher’s dogs but the coyotes still breach it. Just like there is a U. S. and Mexican border the Mexican immigrants find their way across in search of better lives. At first reading the second article on the coyotes just seemed as if Delaney was venting his frustration because another coyote had struck again. Then something stood out, â€Å"The coyotes keep coming, breeding up to fill in the gaps, moving in where the living is easy. They are cunning, versatile, hungry and unstoppable (215). † Delaney’s implicit thoughts could very well stand for his true feelings of the Mexican immigrants and all along his liberal views were all talk, never truly made to be put to action. He passes by the perfect opportunity to put his liberal views to action when Todd Sweet asks Delaney to intervene in opposition with the wall (227). So was Delaney Mossbacher ever a true liberal humanist at all? His racism had been dormant and it took the fire of hitting Candido, Jack’s influence, and the incidents that kept including Mexican immigrants, to somehow spark the same racism he could have possibly felt growing up as a child. The wall represents more than what Delaney and the citizens of Arroyo Blanco see it as. More than a distance between humans and nature and more than keeping the unwelcome out. The wall is a symbol of the strong separation between the prospering white Americans and the struggling Mexican immigrants. The Mexican immigrants that are working hard to achieve the American Dream, while the wealthy Americans feed them nonsense but know the immigrants will never amount to anything. Delaney describes the wall as not only â€Å"keeping them out, but look what it keeps in (224). † This refers to the racism Jack’s son displayed, concluding that walling in all the poisonous racism it would affect Jordan, just like it had already affected Delaney living in the seclusion of Arroyo Blanco. Delaney has become a developing product of his racist community and society. He fears the worst for Jordan to grow up around racial tension, but has not yet seen how much it already has affected him. Delaney is gradually losing his liberal views, while also losing control of his temper and his over morale he once held. It is only a matter of time until Delaney himself becomes a â€Å"Jack Jardine†

Biography – Herman Von Fehling

Herman von Fehling was a German chemist, who developed Fehling’s solution which was used for estimations of sugar. The Fehling’s solution is a chemical test used to differentiate between water-soluble carbohydrates and ketone functional groups, and as a test for monosaccharide. When working with Fehling’s solution, Fehling took extra precautionary measurements when working in the laboratory. He created two separate solutions known as Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B.Fehling’s A is a blue solution of Copper II, Sulfate, while Fehling’s B is a clear solution of potassium, sodium, tartrate (Rhochelle Salt) and a strong alkali (Sodium hydroxide). The volumes of the two mixtures are mixed to get the final Fehling’s solution. In this mixture, the aqueous tartrate ions from the dissolved Rochelle salt ions from the dissolved Copper II sulfate, as bidentate ligands giving bistartratocuprate II. The tartarate ions, by completing copper, preve nt the formation of Cu(OH)2 from the reaction of CuSO42H2O and NaOH in the solution.Fehling’s solution is an oxidizing agent in the Bistartratocuprate II and the active reagent in the test. The compound being tested is added to Fehling’s solution and the mixture is heated. The aldehydes are oxideized, giving a positive result, but ketones do not reacte, unless they are alpha-hydroxy-ketones. The bistratratocuprate II is a complex oxidizes the aldehyde to the carboxylate anion, and in the process the copper II ions of the xomplex are reduced to Copper I ions.A negative result is the absence of the red precipitate; Fehling’s will NOT work with aromatic aldehydes; in that case Tollen’s reagent – a chermical reagent most commonly used to determine whether a known carbonyl contation compound is an aldehyde or a ketone, a positive test with Tollen’s reagent sults in elemental silver precipitation out of solution, occasionally outo the inner surfac e of the tube, productiona characteristic and memorable â€Å"silver mirror† on the inner serface – should be used.Fehling’s earlier work included investigations of succinic acid, spirit of amber (white, odorless solid – plays a role in citric acid cycle, an energy-yielding process) and the preparation of phenyl cyanide (benzonitrile – organic compound, with a sweet almond odor). After many scientific discoveries or investigations Fehling started to lean more towards technology and public health rather than chemistry.Fehling started to work with estimation of sugars (Fehling’s Solution) which was a solution of copper sulfate mixed with alkali and potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle Salt). Fehling was born June 25, 1812 and died July 1, 1885, Fehling attended Heidelberg University around 1835 with the intention of taking pharmacy when entering. After Graduation he went to Gieben as a preparateur to Justus von Liebig, whom he created the compo sition of paraldehyde and metdehyde.After his discover with Sugar he contributed into the writing of Graham-Otto Textbook of Chemistry & Handworterbuch with Friedrich Wholer and Johann Christian Poggendorff. Fehling became a member of the committee of the Pharmacopoeia Germanica and he was appointed to the chair of chemistry in the polytechnic in Stuttgart for 45 years. He died in Stuttgart in 1885.

Analysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh, The Iliad, And The Aeneid Essay

a. Gods and goddesses intervention plays a key role in many of the stories, including The Epic of Gilgamesh, The Iliad, and The Aeneid. Apollo, god of sun and art, intervenes multiple times in The Iliad. He is known for sending the plague to the Greeks. Aruru, goddess of creation, made Gilgamesh and Enkidu in The Epic of Gilgamesh. Aeolus, god of wind, is persuaded by Juno, goddess of marriage, to build a storm. 2. Discuss the importance of the "voices of reason" in three of the stories. (Who or what group emerges that seems to be more rational than the stories ' characters?) a. â€Å"Voice of reason† is important in many stories including The Epic of Gilgamesh, The Song of Roland, and _____. Gilgamesh is a cruel king. He rapes women of all ages and does whatever it takes to get his way. If the men of Uruk had not complained about Gilgamesh then Enkidu would not have been created. Throughout the Song of Roland Oliver suggested that Roland blow the olifant but Roland refused. Although Roland’s actions did result in his death, Oliver knew it was what needed to happen. Oliver was the voice of reason throughout the story. 3. Discuss the theme of strength (inner or outer) in three of the stories. Use specific examples to support your answer. a. The theme of strength can be seen in many stories including Confession, The Song of Roland, and . St. Augustine had behavioral problems as a child but as he grew older became more mature. During his later years he finds the inner strength and courage to believe in God and put all of his faith into Him. Roland’s strength in The Song of Rolarent stories or the same story. a. Three symbols are the ark, olifant, and the inferno. In The Hebrew Bible, God commanded Noah to build an ark. The ark symbolizes God’s promise to Noah and all of the Israelites. The olifant in The Song of Roland is what kills Roland. It symbolizes his death. Dante’s Inferno includes many symbols. The story itself symbolizes one’s spiritual search. 10. What was your favorite story or character? Give at least three specific reasons/examples to support your answer. a. My favorite character was Joseph. Joseph’s brothers hated him very much and because of that they sold him to the Ishmaelites. Even though Joseph’s early years were not pleasant that did not stop him from believing in God. He kept the faith. He is such an inspiration to many because of his love for God. We can learn from him that if we put faith in God we can become a su

Information managment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information managment - Coursework Example The article after providing a brief background of the Cloud Computing technology, focuses on its evolutionary path. â€Å"This paper examines cloud computing in the context of other major changes in Information Technology (IT) and explores the revolutionary transformations and challenges it brings to IT management.† (Bento and Bento 39). The authors divide the evolution into six phases starting from 1970’s, when the IT systems in organizations got centralized, particularly regarding the financial and accounting information. They further delve into these phases by discussing how advancement in hardwares, softwares and most prominently Worldwide Web, led to the development of Cloud Computing. Discussion of each phase provides good information and appears to be the strong â€Å"phases† of this article. The next part of the article provides number of definitions for Cloud Computing and high number of definitions appears to be a slight weaker part in the article. Alth ough, giving high number of definitions can gave different perspectives of Cloud Computing, the article has too much definitions and it occupies sizable part of the article, minimizing the other topics. For example, details about how one works in the Cloud has been given only in a minimal manner. In the final part of the article, the author again relates the various evolutionary phases with the business environment. Although, it gives somewhat newer perspectives, it appears to be a kind of repetition of the first part. So, the author could have researched and written more about Cloud Computing applications, instead of giving background information maximally. Critique of the Second Article- Although, this IS based technology, Cloud computing has many benefits including cutting of costs, reorienting work force in other departments, etc, there are some security issues. These security issues is only focused in the journal article, A survey on security issues in service delivery models o f Cloud Computing written by S. Subashini and V. Kavitha. The authors list out the various ways in which the information or data stored in the Cloud could be compromised and that includes issues with Data security, Network security, Data integrity, Data segregation, Web application security Vulnerability in virtualization, etc, etc. The authors start off by providing an apt introduction about Cloud Computing and its optimum application in business enterprises. They provide facts of how cloud computing will grow to $95 billion and that 12% of the worldwide software market will move to the cloud (Subashini and Kavitha 2). Then the authors move into the focus area of security issues, listing and discussing in-depth each security issue. The main strength of this article is that it does not miss any security issue that could plague the Cloud Computing environment. The authors focus on all the probable security issues, even providing real-life examples of companies at some places. However , this can also be viewed as a weakness, because there is not much real-life examples. Only the example of Amazon’s Cloud Computing environment is given at some places, and not much about other companies. Even while, discussing about the probable security issues and the corrective steps, the authors are skeptical whether a new paradigm or model of Cloud Computing will work. They state, that â€Å"A new model targeting at improving features of an existing

Hr Case Study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hr Case Study - Coursework Example To begin with, there are mainly three types of training program development theories such as identical elements, stimulus generalization, and cognitive theory each of which emphasizes on specific areas. Therefore, it is advisable for the Backwoods to follow most appropriate theories by taking the most attention needed areas into account. Previously, it was identified that effective delivery of customers’ orders is the main objective of the proposed training program. As discussed earlier, employees in the customer orders division need adequate technical skills because they are to deal with customer calls through a computer network system. The identical elements theory suggests that â€Å"training environment is identical to work environment† (Table 5.1). Under predictable and stable work environment features, this strategy works efficiently. It is obvious that the work performed by customer order division is predictable and of stable nature. Since there are no chances fo r future changes in work nature, the organization can effectively train its employees once this method gets implemented. Therefore, it is advisable for the Backwoods Company to follow identical elements theory to improve the technical efficiency of customer order department.

CALIFORNIA CIVIL CODE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CALIFORNIA CIVIL CODE - Essay Example I will present the manner in which the evidence found on the ground was analyzed and assure the defense attorney that there were mistakes involved in the analysis procedure. I will also give scientific conclusions on the party being represented by the defense attorney to accurately and undoubtedly prove their liabilities and mistakes in the case. Highlight other things which were not done by law enforcement officers in aiding to prove the party suing the others innocence’s (Kupchik, 2006). The importance of the evidence in the above mentioned case was that it enabled both parties to establish the identity of the suspects in questions. In addition, the availability of evidence also encouraged the testing for the physical evidences to determine the connection between the crime and the suspect party in question. Lastly, availability of evidence adds weight to a prosecutor’s case as in the scenario case above; the leg of teenager was indeed broken by use of extreme force. This gives the prosecutor the right to sue the company in question as he posses evidence that he will use in supporting his petition (Martinez,

Law - Roe vs. Wade Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Law - Roe vs. Wade - Term Paper Example Background Roe v. Wade arose because women were being deprived the right to choose what they wish to do with their bodies1. This is because abortion was illegal in all the states in the United States. There were strict laws, which forced many women into bad situations in any case they carry out an abortion illegally. In some instances, a number of women died as a result of unsafe abortion. Some women even tried to terminate their pregnancies themselves. Some other women chose to relocate to other countries to have safe, legal abortion. However, in the United States it was noted that a large number of women could not afford to move to other countries where abortion is legal to have their pregnancies terminated. A group of women in Texas was not happy with the situation. They argued that every woman should be allowed to choose what happened to her body. They therefore started advocating for change of law so that they could be given the right2. In 1970, the women hired two lawyers to re present them in their quest to have abortion legalized. The two lawyers presented a suit in Texas court challenging the abortion law. In the process, they found a young woman who intended to terminate her pregnancy and were willing to represent all the other expectant women in Texas who also wanted to have abortion. In order to protect her identity she was nicknamed Jane Roe3. The case was given a node and proceeded all through to the Supreme Court. Attorneys for the state of Texas however were conservative and wanted the law to remain as it was. They bear the opinion that a pregnant mother should give up her rights since the fetus rights are more important4. To counter this, the Jane Roe’s lawyer argued that women had a right to privacy, which included choosing to terminate pregnancy. The case has proved to be among the most controversial in the United States history, and many people still debates it to date. Many years after Roe, Americans still remain divided over the abor tion rights. Data on opinion polls show majority Americans in support if some aspects of abortion rights with regard while others are still of the view that the decision should be overruled and abortion remain illegal5. Subject Proponents ABC News-Washington post poll conducted thirteen years after the case of Roe v. Wade indicates that 57 percent of respondents polled stated the that abortion should remain legal. A Gallup opinion poll of 2011 showed that 49 % of those polled identified themselves with Roe6. Some proponents of Roe case especially led by women feminist argue that a woman’s right to choose abortion is a fundamental right enshrined in the constitution7. Therefore, it is the prerogative of a woman to choose what to do with her body. As a result, the constitution has a right to protect the fundamental rights to privacy of women. The feminist movement and other proponents of Roe argue that fetus is not a human being. As such, abortion is a matter of terminating pre gnancy and not killing a baby. They say that there is no biological proof to show that personhood starts at conception. To them a personhood starts when a person is born8. The proponents also say that fetus is not capable of feeling pain when terminating pregnancy. They cite a research carried out by Stuart Derbyshire, PhD, Senior Lecturer at the University of Birmingham who found out that a fetus is not capa

Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment - Research Paper Example The main classical genres under Hindustani music include dhrupad, khyal, sadra, dhamar, and tarana. Carnatic music dates back to the 15th century AD and began in south India mainly in the kanataka State. Carnatic music is melodic and pays more emphasis on the vocals since it is sung or performed using a singing style (Lavezzoli, (2007, pp 54). Arabic music is the music practiced by Arabic people from the Arab world, mainly the Arabian Peninsula. This music is said to have been translated and developed from Greek musical theory and works of music. Arabic music has also been influenced ancient Persian, Kurdish, Egyptian, Indian, Assyrian, North African, European, and Turkish music. The earliest form of Arabic music dates back to the pre-Islamic era when the music comprised of recited poems that had high notes (Racy, 2004, pp 96). The early Islamic period saw the development of the maqam system that forms the foundation of Arabic music. Modern Arabic music began in Egypt in the early 20 th century, replacing Turkish music played then with new nationalistic music. As any other type of music, Arabic music has interacted with other musical genres and styles practices in other regions. This has resulted in the creation of new Arabic music variations such as Arabic jazz, Franco-Arabic music, Arabic electronica, Arabic pop, and Arabic Rock. Cairo is the major cultural center of the Arab world and has been the main musical center as well. Many Arab musical trends have originated from this town, especially following the change from the music played under Turkish rule to a new form of nationalistic music adopted in Egypt (Touma, & Touma, 2003, pp 153). Both Arabic and Indian music have some common similarities, especially based on the significance they have in their cultures as well as the impact they have on the listeners. Conversely, there are some differences between Arabic and Indian music, mainly concerning the place in which they are performed and the instruments that are used in each style. Similarities between Arabic and Indian music The Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula border each other and there have been numerous interactions over the years between the peoples from these two regions. This has resulted in the sharing and exchange of various cultural aspects unique to the cultures present in these two regions. One such area of exchange has been music, with Arabic and Indian music having some similarities between them. The major areas of similarities are the impact they have on the listeners and the significance they have in their cultures. In both the Arabic and Indian cultures, music is a major unifying aspect that enables people to come together and have a common feature to which they all appreciate. Music is also used to pass on teachings, educate, and pass on various cultural aspects of the Arabic and Indian cultures. Both Arabic and Indian music have a healing and relaxation feeling on their listeners. Both Arabic and Indian music have a meditative characteristic resulting in improved health, concentration, and general happiness. Differences between Arabic and Indian music There are major differences between Arabic and Indian music, mainly about the instruments that are used in each style and the places in which they are performed. Both Arabic and Indian music have major differences in the instruments used in each culture. Both Arabic and

Strategy definition of Lloyds bank TSB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategy definition of Lloyds bank TSB - Essay Example yers in the industry, who prove to be large-scale retailers, this company’s focus is ensuring that it can register growth (Competitor strategies & industry trends 2014, p. 20). This is the reason why it intends to register a 40 to 50 % growth in its balance sheets in a period of five years. This is achievable because of the increasing growth in mortgages (How Lloyds responds to changes in the business environment 2014, p. 3). The Lloyds TSB banks need to continue registering growth if the group is to remain a leader in the UK banking sector. The company will focus on its core business and invest more in its iconic brands, factors that will ensure a high level of profitability (Lloyds Banking Group plc SWOT Analysis 2014, p. 6). Lloyds Bank TSBs business strategy focuses on the customer. This strategy was developed after realizing that customers were the most important entities in any business. If the bank can satisfy customers, then it is assured of registering growth. It intends to offer all its customers an outstanding experience (Lloyds TSB Bank 2010, p. 29). This experience is defined by reliability, consistency, and convenience. Moreover, the bank will invest in its digital capability, providing a platform for online and mobile branches, a factor that will present customers with the increased convenience of banking (Patrick 2011, p. 29). In addition, the bank is determined to open up networks of branches that can meet the emerging needs and preferences of customers. The Lloyds Bank TSB has the three categories of its customers as the core of its business. It intends to keep helping households, communities, and businesses (Ray 2013, p. 55). Through its mortgage plans, the Lloyds Bank TSB offers househo lds the opportunity to own a home. In addition, it helps the entire British community register economic growth and have the appropriate social wellbeing by using its experience and expertise. Moreover, the Lloyds Bank TSB has the intention of continuing to

Macroeconomic Data Analysis and Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Macroeconomic Data Analysis and Report - Essay Example It is important to note that the population growth rate is an important factor in gauging the economic performance of a state and by taking the case of these two countries it will be easy to establish their economic trends. If this is presented in a table form or graphically the trend will give an insight into the economic characteristics of the two countries. Exchange rate is vital in comparing the strength of the currency between the countries and this is an index of measuring level of economic growth holding other factors constant. Purchasing power parity is important in measuring the inflation rate between the two states under case study. The ratio of gross national product to gross domestic product is important in providing a ground for estimating the amount of income that is repatriated to other countries. Bigger ratio means unfavorable productivity of the country and overdependence on foreign capital and skilled manpower. To explain the economic growth and development parity b etween these two states needs to be presented in graphs. The figure one above shows that the exchange rates between the two states have a wide gap and this is consistent across the three years. It is important to note that UK is more developed and economically stable as reflected by its comparatively lower exchange rate than Saudi Arabia. Considering the figures of exchange rate across the years shows some changes for United Kingdom while Saudi Arabia has a constant exchange rate which hints stable currency and consistent economic growth than in UK (Sarno & Taylor, 2005, 98). United Kingdom has a high population which presents a strain on the existing resources but considering the geographical size of the state. The point of concern in this case is the trend in population growth. The rate of population increase is high for Saudi Arabia than UK and this present expansionary threat to Saudi Arabia as the population will put steady

Customized Degree Plan Essay Example for Free

Customized Degree Plan Essay 1 Why have you chosen the elective classes in your degree plan? I attended the University of Phoenix, before I started my classes at Kaplan University. While attending the University of Phoenix, majority of my electives were pre chosen for me. I would like a career in criminal profiling or criminal investigations. My choice of elective classes will be Psychology, sociology, or criminal profiling. Although while attending the University of Phoenix, I was majoring in Business; so two of my electives were Psychology and Sociology. I need this knowledge to be as successful in interrogations or crime scene evidence. 2 What skills, and knowledge do you expect to learn from these classes? The classes I attended at the University of Phoenix gave me the basic knowledge. Psychology and Sociology gave me the insight on how to figure an individuals, mental and social behaviors. I learned that you have to get into a person’s mind, and understand how they operate in their own habitat. I plan to gain the extra knowledge of how to understand the criminal justice field and the emotional stability and social environment of the individuals I encounter with. 3 How will these individual skills and knowledge help you in your field? The skills that I learn will help me to visualize individuals and learn their social behaviors. I plan to be successful my field and help keep the crime down and the community safe, by catching the culprits who want to commit crime. The youth need guidance and the neighborhoods need a makeover for drug free and violence free community. 4 How will these electives further your career goals? The electives I choose will help me to achieve my goals and accomplishments at obtaining my degree in the criminal justice field.

Social Work Essay Example for Free

Social Work Essay Question 1 In the prefatory statement of Chapter 2, Bradford, Sheafor and Scott, says that â€Å"the main focus of social work, promoting general welfare† (p. 15), has become more difficult to achieve after the events of September 11 and the war on Iraq and Afghanistan. But what is social welfare? Bradford, Sheafor and Scott attempted to shed some light on the concept by first, dissecting its composite words, then, by providing a functional definition. They said that â€Å"society’s efforts to meet some human needs are labeled social welfare† (Bradford et. al. , p. 16). They said that â€Å"social† pertains to individual and groups interactions, while â€Å"welfare† implies concern for human well-being (Bradford et. al. , p. 16). For them, the useful definition of social welfare is as follows: Social Welfare is the translation of society’s dominant social philosophies into social policies, to be carried out by a system of human services agencies and delivered by human services professionals, in order to meet socially related needs of individuals, families and other households, groups and/or communities through programs offering social provisions, personal services and/or social actions (Bradford et. l. , p. 17) This definition seems to agree with how Reamer presented his own discussion on the philosophical basis of social work. But later discussions of Bradford, Sheaford and Scott on social welfare veered off from the â€Å"translation of philosophies to social policies† to a critique of social policies in the United States in the past and present administrations. This is a marked departure from Reamer’s academic and objective approached in discussing the philosophical basis of social work. In his book, Reamer presented the different models with respect to welfare state’s philosophical foundations. They are the conservative, liberal and radical. The conservatives believe that welfare state would encourage personal and social irresponsibility more than it provides a measure of defense against poverty, unemployment, sickness and so on. The welfare state â€Å"encourages sloth, teenage pregnancy and other forms of dependence† (Reamer, p. 15). The conservatives see welfare as a charity organized by the State. It is not a right to which the members of society are entitled to (Reamer, p. 0). The liberals, on the other hand, believe that social welfare spending in the country has been insufficient. They see that insufficiency in social welfare spending as the cause of current vexing social problems. (Reamer, p. 15) The liberals see welfare as a fundamental right to which the individuals in society are entitled to (Reamer, p. 30). The radicals present a complex viewpoint. They believe that â€Å"conservatives are correct that liberals demand too much from welfare state and liberals are correct that the welfare state has not done enough† (Reamer, p. 15). They also believe that the fiscal policies of welfare states contradict their own purpose. The definition provided by Bradford, Sheamor and Scott appears to be neutral of these philosophical foundations since it uses the phrase â€Å"translation of the society’s dominant social philosophies into social policies. † However, the discussion in the later part of the chapter provides a different viewpoint altogether. Chapter 2 shows as a liberal viewpoint. This is particularly demonstrated by the many criticisms on several past administrations’ social welfare policies. The chapter also compared the defense spending with spending on human services in several administrations, and seemed to be against the trend towards less spending on human services and more defense spending. The authors showed a mark preference to increase human services spending. As a prelude to the authors’ subjective discussion of welfare in the United States, they said that the â€Å"index of a nation’s continued commitment to its people is its investment in social programs. † The book provides an enumeration of the main purpose of social programs. First, remediation of social problem which pertains to programs that are created to provide services intended to help people who experience difficulty in a particular aspect of social functioning. The second is the enhancement of social functioning which pertains to programs which emphasize the growth and development of clients in a specific area of functioning. The third is the prevention of social problems which pertains to programs that identifies the basic causes of difficulty in social functioning and seek to stimulate changes that will keep the problems from developing (Bradford, et al. , 25-26) The book also provides the four specific goals of social program. They are as follows: (1) socialization of people to the accepted norms and behaviors in society, (2) social integration where people are helped to become more successful in interacting with the world around them, (3) social control by removing people from situations when they may place themselves or others at risk and (4) social changes by stimulating changes that will enhance the overall quality of life. (Bradford, et al. , 26) There are two social programs conceptions, the safety net approach and the social utilities approach. The safety net approach pertains to programs that are planned as a way for society to assist people when other social institutions, such as family and community, fail to do so. The net safety approach is considered residual, selective and time-limited. (Bradford, et al. , p. 26) The social utilities approach pertains to programs with a view that â€Å"human services is society’s frontline manner in addressing common needs† (Bradford, et al. , p. 26). This approach is considered universal. It also calls for the institutionalization of social welfare (Bradford, et al. , p. 27) The book provides for three categories of welfare. They are enumerated, as follows: (1) social provisions or those which are designed to meet fundamental needs, (2) personal services or those which provides problem-solving and enhancement programs and intangible services that help people resolve their social functioning, and (3) social action which help change conditions that create difficulties in social functioning. (Bradford, et al. , p. 27) Bradford, Sheaford and Scott says that â€Å"poverty is the single most revealing indicator of success or failure of social programs† (p. 0). Poverty data shows some disturbing patterns. Gender-based data shows that there are more females living in poverty than male. Poverty data also show that there are more poor people in highly urbanized cities than there are in rural areas. The authors attribute this to the movement of wealthy people to the suburbs. The data also shows that white people are the least likely to be poor that other ethnic groups. Lastly, the data shows that more single parents are poor than married ones. In relation, single mothers are more likely to be poor than single fathers. The authors urge social workers to examine the patterns and their causes so that the can effect change in the society. (Bradford, et al. , p. 30) However we must look at the data presented above as one of the interpretation of existing information regarding poverty. Because of the discrepancy between the numbers between male and female, young and old and white and other ethnic groups, the authors concluded that there is still discrimination in society in terms of race, gender or other factors, and seems to look at this as evidence of the need for more or better social welfare programs in the United States. Bradford, Sheamor and Scott presented the continuing bias against certain members of the population through the available data on poverty in the United States, they called it â€Å"racism, sexism and other isms†. They focused on social factors and politics as the guiding staff as to direction or trend of social welfare in the country (p. 30). This is a marked departure from Reamer’s presentation. Reamer focused on the dominant philosophical ideas of the day and its effect on social welfare. An example of this is his discussion on how the ideas of John Meynard Keynes on the need for the government’s increased involvements in social welfare has influenced the welfare policies of nations in contemporary times. He also said that Beveridge’s concerns that social welfare may suppress incentive and responsibility also affected the United States’ welfare policies. â€Å"Social work has complex ties with the state† (Reamer, p. 1). According to Reamer, all across history is the debate over who is in-charge of social welfare (p. 0), the private or public sector. â€Å"Debate over private or public welfare has an ancient history† (Reamer, p. 10). Of publicly-sponsored welfare, he said that: Publicly-sponsored welfare is tied to deep-seated beliefs about the goals of government and the right of citizens in relation to the states, the obligation of the state towards its citizens, the nature of political and civil liberty and the nature of social jus tice (Reamer, 2). In fact he said that the advancement of publicly sponsored welfare in the eighteenth and nineteenth century was less for altruism and more for the necessity to preserve the existing social order. It was during these times that social programs devised in contemporary time have their roots. Reamer’s subsequent discussion on the history of welfare focused on philosophical antecedents. As an example he attributes social programs such as the welfare state to come from eighteen century Prussia and the civil code of 1974. Meanwhile, Bradford, Sheamor and Scott focused on the events and situation of the country that brought about the social programs. Based on their recounting of the history of social welfare in the United States, the authors focused on the social situation at that time and how it affected the ruling administration’s policy on social welfare as well as the opinion of the majority of the population on publicly-sponsored welfare. As an example of this differing presentation is the two works’ discussion on the social welfare programs during the Depression. As presented by Bradford, Sheamor and Scott, before this period in history, social problems are concentrated on other ethnic groups, such as the new freed black slaves or the displaced Mexican or Native Americans. During the Depression, poverty knew no color or race, everyone was hungry and out of work. For Bradford, Sheamor and Scott, the change in the policy on social welfare at this period of history was caused by the acknowledgement of the predominant white ruling class of the United States that factors outside the individuals can place him in a situation of poverty. Reamer’s presentation, on the other hand, detailed the birth and rise in popularity of the â€Å"free market† philosophy of Adam Smith, then, its fall from grace during the Depression. For Reamer, the shift in welfare programs during the Great Depression was because of the loss of confidence in the â€Å"free market† philosophy that was very popular in prior years before the Depression. Question 2 Based on the classroom discussion, social welfare has two primary categories. They are as follows: (1) transactions that occur outside of the market system and (2) those that are designed to bring about a minimum level of care. The first category considers those transactions that allow a person to acquire goods or services for free or cheaper than the prevailing market price as welfare. Reamer does not distinguish between these two categories in his discussion on the political philosophies of social welfare. In his discussion of the development of Adam Smith’s â€Å"laissez faire,† Reamer talked about the viewpoint of that philosophy that welfare distorts market forces. For example, the philosophy believes that labor should be free to name its price based on market forces, free from outside interference. Since the regulation of the price of labor by the state is included by Reamer in his discussion of laissez faire, it is seen by him as an example of social welfare. This example, however, falls into both categories of social welfare. State’s regulation of the price of labor is part of labor legislation that provides for minimum standards for conditions of work. Hence, it is included in category two. But at the same time, we are talking about fixing of a price outside of the market, although in this situation it is presumed that the price set is above what the market dictates. One way of viewing it, in terms of the first category, the receipt of wages in excess of the market is welfare. Reamer had his own discussion as to the two aspects of professional service. First, he said that social welfare is aimed at the enhancement of the quality of life. It is a concept that is often anchored in the common good and public interest. (Reamer, p. 34) Common good is based on the idea that society is a community where members contribute in the pursuit of common goals and the good of the individual depend on the good of the community. It is a concept that is inherently communal. (Reamer, p. 34) Public interest, on the other hand, pertains to any goals that a legitimate government may pursue to bring about their economic and foreign policies. Unlike common good, it is not inherently communal and encourages the promotion or pursuit of individual interests. (Reamer, p. 35) Based on these two anchors comes the two aspects of professional service, one which focuses on the common weal and another that focuses on individual interests. These two aspects represent the two extremes, and Reamer considers these two aspects as the central debate on social welfare today. There are many differences between the two aspects. The former believes in combining providing assistance to those in need with structural change. The latter, on the other hand, believes in providing clinical services. The primary purpose of those who focus on the common weal is the individual well-being, community intervention, organization change, legislative lobbying and other forms of intervention. The primary purpose of those who focus on individual interests is the enhancement of individual functioning. (Reamer, p. 36) Most of Reamer’s discussion focused on the extent of government’s intervention in social welfare. There was a detailed history of the growth of public-sponsored welfare and a discussion on the ongoing debate of when public sponsored welfare is too much. In relation to publicly sponsored welfare, he discussed the concept of distributive justice. He believes that the central theme to the philosophical materials on social welfare is the redistribution of wealth (Reamer, p. 5). The concentration of the society’s wealth in a few members of the population is seen as a cause of social problems. However, distributive justice has had different connotations across time, and is not always seen as evil or wrong by some schools of thoughts (p. 26). Another philosophical theme that Reamer discussed is the concept of welfare as a right or a privilege. There are philosophers who believe that welfare is a fundamental right of a person. This belief is composed of two traditions, the liberal and the radical. The liberal viewpoint believes that welfare is a right that arises out of or by virtue of the financial stake of person in society. It is necessarily connected to concept of property rights and the right of the person to protect his property from state intervention. The radical viewpoint sees welfare as the protection of people from both the power of government and private property. It sees welfare as a right that is absolute and unconditional and spouses a communal vision of property rights. (Reamer, p. 30) On the flip side of the coin are those who believe that welfare is a matter of privilege. The conservative viewpoint, for example, sees welfare as a charity not a right. This means that the members of the society cannot demand it of the state. It is only through the benevolence of the state that welfare is given. (Reamer, p. 30) Welfare as right or privilege only looks at the extreme sides of the issue, there are those who look welfare as not as a right or as a charity. This is called the intermediate view. This viewpoint believes that welfare should be balanced against competing claims, such as political, social and economic ones. (Reamer, p. 30)

Division of Powers between Shareholders and Directors

Division of Powers between Shareholders and Directors QUESTION The orthodox view in Corporate Law is that the ownership of the company is vested in the shareholders, whereas the management of the company is the exclusive preserve of the directors. But this sharp distinction does not always apply in every instance. Discuss in relation to the division of powers between shareholders and directors. INTRODUCTON The principle of division of powers aims at separating the ownership and control between the shareholders and directors in a company. Historically, the directors have been viewed merely as agents of the shareholders of the company with whose actions they were to comply with. Later, the law moved towards the decline of the powers of the shareholder thereby making both the shareholders and directors an integral part of the company and they both having substantial roles in handling the companys affairs. This principle has been settled by Lord Clauson in the 1943 case of Scott v Scott, where it provided the constitutional provision regarding the companys management. This case established that the power of management was given to the directors and held that shareholders should not intervene in the powers of the directors.[1] This was also affirmed by the statement of Buckley LJ in case Gramophone and Typewriter Ltd v Stanley, saying that directors do not act as the agent of the shareholde r when carrying out his director duties of the company and under company law he does not owe a duty to the shareholder.[2] One of the main issues of company law systems is how power is allocated between the board of directors and shareholders in handling companies affairs. On several occasions, there is a need for an interference or there are situations where there will be an overlap of powers between the members and directors. These overlaps usually come up because of a disagreement between the shareholders and the directors as to what is best for the company. The power of the directors to manage the affairs of the company has been established by the principles in the decisions of the court and entrenched the shareholders with the power to vote, appoint directors and vote on matters that does not involve the management of the company.[3] This paper examines the situations in which the principle of division powers is not strictly adhered to, also looking at the law in this area and the possible troubles they can run into. It moves further to discuss the situations in which shareholders can intervene in the duties of the directors, looking at the issues of who can use the corporate name in litigation, considering the rule in Foss and Harbottle and its exceptions. It also examines the situation where the directors do not exist or in deadlock and cannot act, and finally looks at the reserve powers of the shareholders mainly considering their power to give directors instructions. SHAREHOLDERS INTERVENING WITH THE DUTIES OF DIRECTORS The legal powers to act on behalf of the company is available to the board of directors and these powers are fused with that of the company and are not allowed to exercise any activity the company cannot perform.[4] They are subject to the restrictions that the companys constitution places on the company. A common situation where there might be an intervention of powers of the director by shareholders is in a case involving the use of the company name in litigation. This can be found article 3 of the model articles for both private and public companies.[5] The decision to start or end a legal proceeding falls under the general powers of management of the companys business and these powers are reserved for the directors. Although it has been expressed in the model articles, this area of law has been somewhat controversial. One of the leading cases here is John Shaw Sons Ltd v Shaw[6], where Greer L. J stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦If powers of management are vested in the directors, the y and they alone can exercise power. Hes decision here means that the directors exercised their powers properly and that the general meeting could not usurp this power. Critics of the rule of division of powers have considered the view of Judges in older cases such as Marshalls Valve Gear Co Ltd v Manning Wardle and Co Ltd[7] where the members of the company made a claim in the companys name and the directors disagreed with their resolution and tried to strike out their claims but were not allowed. Based on the Companies Clause Consolidation Act 1845 governing statutory companies, Neville J concluded that the members had the power to make a claim in the companys name, with the aim of preventing directors from acting in a conflicting manner to the members ordinary resolution.[8] Breckland Group Holdings Ltd v London and Suffolk properties Ltd, which was of similar facts to the Marshalls case drew the curtains to the issue[9] and took the view that directors only should exercise such powers. Despite this law the shareholders are not completely without influence, they still have what we might call their most important power which is the fundamental right of the shareholders to dismiss the directors by an ordinary resolution. This provision was introduced in the Companies Act 1948 and currently available by the Companies Act 2006, s168. The purposes of these actions are to provide a guarantee that the shareholders can dismiss directors by an ordinary resolution and for the purpose of providing justice to the directors. The view that the shareholders can dismiss the director was supported in John Shaw case in the words of Greer LJ saying, the only way in which the general body of shareholders can control the exercise of the powers vested by the articles in the directors is by altering the articles, or if opportunity arises under the articles, by refusing to re-elect the directors whose actions they disapprove.[10] This process requires a special notice given to the directors as an opportunity for them to defend their case to the general meeting. These powers are very important to the shareholders as this means they have an effective method of handling the companies polices and activities of companys directors.[11] This is necessary as it provides the directors with a good reason to serve the best interest of the company after they have been appointed.[12] The other situations in which the shareholders can exercise managerial functions of litigation include a situation where the board is in deadlock and the exception to rule in Foss v Harbottle. BOARD IN DEADLOCK Under certain circumstances the members can carry out the duties of the directors. A situation where the board of directors are in deadlock and unable to act, or when their meetings are inquorate. In the case of Alexander Ward and Co. Ltd v Samyang Navigation Co. Ltd, this case established the principle of residual authorities in the absence of an effective board [13]. In this case the company articles stated that the companys business shall be managed by the directors whoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦may exercise all such powers of the company as are not by the Ordinance or by these articles required to be exercised by the company in general meeting.[14] They argued that in the absence of directors, the company was incapable of taking legal action and this was rejected by the House of Lords. The principle of residual authority is important because it empowers the shareholders to make their own decision in place of the directors decision.[15] A similar decision to this was seen in the case of Foste r v Foster and it was established there that for the reason of transacting business the members can act as agents of the company in the absence of directors.[16] In the nineteenth century, there were the assumptions that the principle of residual authority in this area of law will be hard to defend but the more recent case of Barron v Potter has removed all doubts.[17] In Baron, the companys business was at a standstill as a result of the failure of one of the directors to show up at work. The decision of Warrington J stated that in the absence of the ability of the directors to appoint a new director in the present case, the companys general meeting has the power to do so.[18] RULE IN FOSS AND HARBOTTLE When there is an issue to be brought before the court, can the shareholders make a suit? The answer to this question was settled by the Rule in Foss v Harbottle and this leaves a negative answer subject to certain exceptions. The rule states that the court does not have the jurisdiction to interfere with the internal affairs of the company and in order to redress a wrong done to the company it should be brought by the company itself.[19] The rule makes provision for the directors or the majority shareholders at the expense of the interest of the minority shareholders. When the minority shareholder tries to bring a case to the court concerning wrongs done to the company, he is met with the defence that the company is the proper plaintiff or that it is a matter of internal management.[20] There are exceptions to the Rule in Foss and these rules were made to give the minority shareholders can have a chance to institute legal proceedings. The first exception to the rule is that of Ultra Vires and Illegality, where the act complained of is wholly ultra vires the company or association.[21] In this situation, a shareholder can bring action to the court when an illegal or some ultra vires act occurs. The shareholder can take an action for a declaration or injunction to retrain the act in question, for himself or he could represent the other shareholders on his side of the argument.[22] The second exception is that on Special Majorities, Where the issue is such that it could not validly be done or sanctioned by a simple majority of the membersbut only by some special majority.[23] In the case of Edwards v Halliwell, the trade unions rule required a two-thirds of majority of the members to increase subscription but the purported to do it by ordinary resolution. Jenkins L.J considered that a company in which its directors had broken the companys regulations by performing an act that requires validation by a special resolution without one. In such a scenario, the rule wil l not apply.[24] In the decision in Quin and Axtens, Ltd. V. Salmon, the rule in Foss was set aside, in this case the Article 80 provided that any resolution concerning the acquisition and letting of premises, should not be valid unless a notice has been given to each managing director. Salomon dissented from the decision of the directors but a simple majority of the shareholders passed a resolution confirming the decision.[25] It was held that Salomon had the right to an injunction to restrain the directors and the company from acting in a contrary manner to the provisions of the article, on behalf of himself and other shareholders on his side.[26] The third exception to the rule is that of Personal rights, where the personal and individual rights of membership of the plaintiff have been invaded, the Rule has no application at all.[27] The shareholders have right which are pulled out from the article of association and some of these rights are statutory which arise from the act.[28] In the case of Edwards v Halliwell, the court established that every shareholder of the company had personal right to prevent adjustments in rates of contribution to the trade union and in the case of Pender v Lushington, the articles enforced the right of shareholders to vote on company affairs, whether he votes in favour of the majority or minority, and an individual can sue in respect to this right.[29] The last exception to the rule will be considering here is Fraud by those in control.[30] This involves actions carried out that amount to fraud which is usually done on the minority shareholders, which is caused usually by an abuse of power by the directors.[31] The exception here has been made to protect the minority shareholders in which they can bring a minority shareholder action to the court on their behalf and on the behalf of other shareholders. Fraud can also constitute to what the general meeting cannot ratify. When a breach in fiduciary duties occurs, and cannot be ratified by the by the director it means that the director has acted in bad faith.[32] If a negligent act by the wrongdoers is benefited from, the authorities have suggested that it can be viewed as fraud on the minority.[33] THE SHAREHOLDERS RESERVE POWEERS The Companies (Modern Articles) Regulation 2008 applies to the new companies registered under the Companies Act 2006. It states out the division of powers between the members and the directors of the company. The Article 4 contains the reserve powers of the shareholders, stating that: (1) The shareholders may, by special resolution, direct the directors to take, or refrain from taking, specified action. (2) No such special resolution invalidates anything which the directors have done before the passing of the resolution.[34] There are certain obstacles that the shareholder may face in this approach. A possible setback could include the general meetings power to give directions to the board has been interpreted as subordinate to the powers of directors[35] as seen in the case of Scott v Scott where the constitution of the company gave powers to the general meeting to give directions to the board by ordinary resolution and it was held that the powers of the general meetings power doesn t qualify to the powers of the director.[36] It was also established that shareholders could give directions to the board but it does not have a binding effect. Gower suggests that the Article 70 of Table A recognises the general meeting may influence the future powers of the directors by passing a special resolution.[37] Does this means that by a special resolution the shareholders in the General meeting can restrict the future powers of the directors? Can the special resolution restrict or give a go ahead from entering a transaction? This has left many questions unanswered. Some have taken the view that the resolution of the directors does not change and remains valid as the directors resolution; the special resolution would only prevent the directors from acting upon it.[38] So, if the directors have come to a resolution of not entering a certain transaction, the shareholders under article 70 Table A could pass a certain resolution compelling them to enter the transaction.[39] The law in this area has often been criticized as being illogical because the law requires that when a director acts in an ultra vires manner these acts can be ratified by the shareholders but in a case where the shareholders need the directors to act in advance they must alter the articles of the company.[40] There have been some suggestions to this are of law, that shareholders may give directions to the directors to act beyond their powers, but within the powers of the company either before or after an ordinary resolution has been passed.[41] It could be argued that this will give way for an alteration to the articles by a majority vote. An example of a circumstance in which the directors act on the permission of the shareholders includes the allotment of shares. The section 551 of the Companies Act 2006 provides that by an ordinary resolution the members can grant this resolution even if the companys articles have to be altered in order for this to take effect.[42] CONCLUSION The lines between the division of the powers of the directors and the shareholders in UK law has been blurred and lacks a very sharp distinction. The law has experienced a decline in the shareholders power, though not making them powerless but compare to the directors their powers have been restricted. The area of cooperate litigation which has been settled as a management power of the director has made room for the shareholders in the exception to the rule of Foss and Harbottle, allowing the minority shareholders to bring legal action to the court on his own behalf and the behalf of those in favour of his decision. The removal of directors has also been one of their vital powers, when the directors have acted in a manner not at the companys best interest. In the absence of the directors or when the board is in deadlock the shareholders have the powers reverted to them and they can make company management decisions. The reserve powers of the shareholders have been argued to have substantial impact on the of the decision of the board where acting as a direct instruction from the shareholders or acting as a general supervisory set of rules. The themes discussed have demonstrated the approach of the court and law in this area of law, and show that the sharp distinctions between the powers directors does not apply in every instance. BIBLIOGRAPHY D. D. Prentice, Jurisdiction of Shareholders Meetings, The Modern Law Review, Vol. 40, No. 5 (Sep., 1977), pp. 587-590 Elizabeth Boros, How Does the Division of Power Between the Board and the General Meeting Operate? Adelaide Law Review 31 (2010) p.169-185 Elizabeth Boros, How Does the Division of Power Between the Board and the General Meeting Operate? Adelaide Law Review 31 (2010) Griggs, Lynden (1993) The relationship of the rule in Foss v. Harbottle to the statutory remedies for minority shareholders. Research Master thesis, University of Tasmania. John Davies, A guide to directors responsibilities under the Companies Act 2006, Certified Accountants Educational Trust, July 2007 L. S. Sealy, Company Law. Power of the General Meeting to Intervene, The Cambridge Law Journal, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Mar., 1989), Saleem Sheikh, William Rees, and Sheikh Saleem, Corporate governance corporate control (Cavendish Publishing 1995) Wedderburn, K.W., 1957. Shareholders rights and the rule in Foss v. Harbottle. The Cambridge Law Review, 15(1), 194-215. CASES Barron v Potter [1914] 1 Ch 895 Foster v Foster [1916] 1 Ch 532 Gramaphone Typewriter Ltd v Stanley [1908] 2 KB 89. Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd [1974] AC 821 p837 John Shaw Sons (Salford) Ltd v Shaw [1935] 2 KB 113 Marshalls Valve Gear Co Ltd v Manning. Wardle CoLtd [1909] 1 Ch 267 [1] Elizabeth Boros, How Does the Division of Power Between the Board and the General Meeting Operate? Adelaide Law Review 31 (2010) p.169 [2] Gramaphone Typewriter Ltd v Stanley [1908] 2 KB 89. [3] Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd [1974] AC 821 p837 [4] John Davies, A guide to directors responsibilities under the Companies Act 2006, Certified Accountants Educational Trust, July 2007 [5] SI 2008 No. 2860 (C. 126) [6] John Shaw and Sons (Salford) Ltd v Shaw [1935] 2 KB 113 [7] Marshalls Valve Gear Co Ltd v Manning. Wardle CoLtd [1909] 1 Ch 267 [8] ibid [9] L. S. Sealy, Company Law. Power of the General Meeting to Intervene, The Cambridge Law Journal, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Mar., 1989), pp. 27 [10] John Shaw Sons (Salford) Ltd v Shaw [1935] 2 KB 113 [11] Farouk HI Cassim, The Division and Balance of Power between the Board of Directors and the Shareholders: The removal of Directors, Banking Finance Law Review 29 B.F.L.R. p. 154 [12] Ibid. [13] D. D. Prentice, Jurisdiction of Shareholders Meetings, The Modern Law Review, Vol. 40, No. 5 (Sep., 1977), pp. 587 [14] Alexander Ward and Co. Ltd v Samyang Navigation Co. Ltd [1975] 1 WLR 673 [15] D. D. Prentice ibid [16] Foster v Foster [1916] 1 Ch 532 [17] L. S. Sealy, Company Law. Power of the General Meeting to Intervene, pp. 28 [18] Barron v Potter [1914] 1 Ch 895 [19] Wedderburn, K.W., 1957. Shareholders rights and the rule in Foss v. Harbottle. The Cambridge Law Review, 15(1), 195 [20] Griggs, Lynden (1993) The relationship of the rule in Foss v. Harbottle to the statutory remedies for minority shareholders. Research Master thesis, University of Tasmania. pp. 22 [21] Wedderburn, K.W, p.203 [22] Ibid. [23] Griggs, Lynden (1993) pp. 23 [24] Wedderburn, K.W, p.207 [25] Ibid. [26] ibid. [27] Ibid. pp 203 [28] Ibid. pp 209 [29] Ibid. [30] Griggs, Lynden (1993) pp. 24 [31] Ibid. [32] Ibid. pp 27 [33] Ibid. pp 26 [34] The Companies (Modern Articles) Regulation 2008, Article 4 [35] Elizabeth Boros, How Does the Division of Power Between the Board and the General Meeting Operate? Adelaide Law Review 31 (2010) p.171 [36] Ibid. [37] Saleem Sheikh, William Rees, and Sheikh Saleem, Corporate governance corporate control (Cavendish Publishing 1995) p. 22 [38] Ibid. [39] Ibid. [40] D. D. Prentice, p.588 [41] ibid [42] Ibid pp. 589

Cloning - National Academy of Sciences and Human Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

National Academy of Sciences: Human Cloning The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) made headlines when it issued a broadside that would, if followed by Congress, grant an open-ended license for biotech researchers to clone human life. True, the NAS recommended that Congress ban "reproductive" cloning, that is, the use of a cloned embryo to produce a born baby. But it also urged that human cloning for purposes of experimentation--often called "therapeutic" or "research" cloning--remain unimpeded by legal restrictions. Such a public policy would permit virtually unlimited human cloning--so long as all the embryos created thereby were destroyed rather than implanted in a woman's womb. The recommendation from a well-known scientific organization did not appear at this particular time by coincidence. The Senate will soon consider S. 790, legislation authored by Sam Brownback (R-KS) that would prohibit any creation of human clones--whether for research purposes or for reproduction. The House passed a virtually identical ban in a bipartisan vote last summer, and President Bush strongly supports the bill. Thus the legal future of human cloning--and the potential fortunes to be made by Big Biotech in the United States--hang in the balance in the Brownback bill. Limiting the ban on human cloning to procedures designed to lead to the birth of a baby would accomplish next to nothing. Figuring out how to clone human life successfully is going to be very difficult. Thus, early research would likely focus on perfecting techniques. Should this be successful, researchers would next attempt to maintain the resulting embryonic clone for a week to two weeks--long enough to harvest their stem cells. (The biotech company Advanced Cell Technology announced it has created human clones and maintained them to the six-cell stage(Advanced), which is not long enough for stem cells to appear.) Should the stem-cell Rubicon be crossed, implantation of the embryonic clone would then be relatively easy. Hence, the next natural (dare I use the word?) step would be the manufacture of human clones not just for research or genetic manipulation but for implantation, gestation, and birth. In any case, the morally serious question is whether human cloning is permissible-- not when those cloned should be killed once created. Much as an original oil painting can be seen only dimly beneath its patina, an agenda to eventually permit unrestricted cloning for all purposes can be discerned between the lines in the NAS report.

Analysis of Epic Poems Essay -- Epic Poetry Iliad Greece Greek Literat

Analysis of Epic Poems An epic poem is a long poem that tells a story about heroes. The Iliad is a great epic poem written by Homer in the 8th century BC, reflecting on events that occurred around 1200 BC during the time of the Olympian religion. â€Å"There were twelve chief gods who supposedly lived in Mount Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. The twelve Olympian gods were common to all Greeks, who thus shared basic polytheistic religion (Spielvogel 84).† The first of the two excerpts I will discuss from the Iliad, is during the time of the Greek and Trojan War. At one point, the powerful god Zeus forbids the other gods to intervene in the war, but Zeus’s wife Hera, wants her brother Poseidon to help the Greeks during this time. Hera decides to distract Zeus’s attention by seducing him with her looks. She bathes herself with ambrosia, fixes her lovely and ambrosial curls, puts on her finest earrings, and dresses in intimate apparel. Hera then makes her way down under the clouds where Zeus could see her. Zeus then approaches her and asks where she is going. Hera lies to him and tells him she is on her way to visit her parents. He is so attracted to her that he insists they must make love above the clouds before she goes. Hera plays hard to get, and suggests they go to a place where they can’t be seen. Zeus then tries to persuade Hera by telling her that no woman, out of the many he's had relations with, had ever melted about his heart like she does. After many attempts, Zeus convinces her to make love to him under the golden cloud. Afterwards, they fall asleep, giving Poseidon his chance to help the Greeks. Although immortal, the gods seen in the Iliad, seem to be very human like; except for the fact that they are forever youthful. Zeus expresses himself to be a strong, powerful, horny, charming, but also, unintelligent god. On the other hand, Hera is seen as a seductress. She is a liar, and a very devious woman who uses sex to get what she wants. The second excerpt from the Iliad, is a face to face fight scene between the Trojan Prince Hector, and the Greek hero Achilles. Previous to this event, Achilles had chased Hector around the city of troy three times looking for revenge. Finally, the goddess Athena steps in and tells Achilles that she will trick Hector by disguising herself to be his brother Delphobus; and when he turns ar... ...and fruits of their victories, and, as usually happens, growing corrupted by flattery and idleness, show a tendency to violence and arrogance, it is in these circumstances, more than ever, that the constitution is seen to possess within itself the power of correcting abuses (Tierney & Scott 103.)† References Homer. â€Å"The Iliad,† Trans. Richmond Lattimore, in Tierney and Scott, Western Societies: A Documentary History. Plato. â€Å"The Republic,† Trans. B. Jowett, in Tierney and Scott, Western Societies: A Documentary History. Plutarch. â€Å"Life of Lycurgus,† Trans. A.H. Clough, in Tierney and Scott, Western Societies: A Documentary History. Polybius. â€Å"The Histories of Polybius,† Trans. E.S. Shuckburgh, in Tierney and Scott, Western Societies: A Documentary History. Spielvogel, Jackson. Western Civilization to 1715., West Publ. Co, Inc., St. Paul: 1999 (4th Ed.) Thucydides. â€Å"History of the Peloponesian War,† Trans. B. Jowett, in Tierney and Scott, Western Societies: A Documentary History. Xenophon. â€Å"Oconomics,† Trans. J.S. Watson, in Tierney and Scott, Western Societies: A Documentary History.

How to Train a Horse Essays -- essays research papers

How to Train a Horse Training a horse to ride is hard work, it involves ground work, riding, and in both patience is very important. In the next few paragraphs I will be explaining the steps needed to train a horse. When you first start training a horse you want to start with doing the ground work. When you are doing the ground work such as leading, lunging, brushing, picking up the hooves, putting on the saddle, blanket, and bridal, and putting weight on the saddle, the ground work allows you know the horse and the horse also starts to know you. It is very important to have a good relationship with your horse because you want your horse to respect you and also know who you are. When doing these steps you should do them in order. First you should brush your horse. Brushing your horse is a very good way for you to let your horse know that you respect him or her. One type of brush that is used is a curry comb which is usually used to comb the mane and tail. Another type of brush that is used is a soft bristled brush, this type of brush is used for the body of the horse. You should always be careful when brushing the tail or the butt of the horse. When you brush the tail you should stand to the side of the butt and pull the tail to the side, this will prevent you from being kicked. Second you should practice leading and lunging your horse. Leading your horse is just like taking your dog for a walk but when you lead your horse you want them by your side, you don?t want them too far in front of you or too far behind you. When you lead your horse you should have a halter and a rope. Your rope should be long enough for you to lunge your horse, which is about fifteen feet. When you are leading your horse you should never let the hors... ...hing good. The last step in training a horse is riding them in different places. The first thirty days of riding should be done in a round pen or riding arena. After you have done this it?s time to take them outside. Different types of places you should ride your horse is near the highway, in the woods, and in town. The first time you ride your horse in a new place you want to be very alert because you never know what might spook your horse. After you have completed all the steps of training your horse should be ready for other people to ride. Training a horse is very hard work, the steps involved are very time consuming. Not every horse is the same, some may be smarter than others. The steps sound very simple, but actually doing them is very different. When training a horse patience is the key. I hope after reading this you have an idea of how to train a horse.

Arthur Miller creates dramatic tension Essay

The Crucible is set in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. It starts when Parris, the local- and rather unpopular- reverend in Salem discovers his daughter Betty, niece Abigail and many other young women from the village dancing and chanting in the forest, led by his slave Tituba. Tituba is from the West Indies, so has a set of traditions and beliefs which seem very alien to the Puritan citizens of Salem. When Betty and another girl involved in the dancing don’t wake up the next day, and just lie in a trance-like state, there are rumours of witchcraft afoot. With the arrival of Hale, an open- minded but overly righteous witch- hunter, Abby and Tituba claim to have been possessed by the spirits of ‘witches’ in Salem. Abby, along with some other girls, start accusing many people. Those who confess to devil worship are saved; those who do not are charged to be hanged. In court, the girls faint, and claim to have terrible pains and see horrific visions, all induced by the ‘witch’ on trial. Their tactics are powerful, so those conducting the proceedings do not really consider they may be faking. Also, no one dares express sympathy for those charged, for fear of being accused themselves. As Abby and the other girls become ‘court officials’, people are wary of crossing them. Abby is a very overpowering character. She is seventeen and ravishingly beautiful. Whilst working as a maid for Elizabeth Proctor, she had an affair with her husband John. Abby still has feelings for him, and consequently despises his wife Goody Proctor. In the forest, she cast a spell to try and kill her. The affair has created a lot of tension between the married couple, and it seems John has never quite won back his wife’s trust. When the couple’s maid, Mary Warren, reveals that Elizabeth’s name has been mentioned in court when witchcraft was being discussed, Goody Proctor is desperate for John to appeal to the court before she is formally charged. This is because Abby revealed to Proctor there was no witchcraft involved in Betty’s trance-like state, claiming, ‘She just took fright, is all’. Proctor is a highly passionate man, who can be hot-headed. He has to live with the terrible guilt of his affair, which he greatly regrets. He still has feelings for Abby, but he is too ashamed of his weakness in character to do anything about them, seeing what the initial affair did to his relationship with his wife. He still loves Elizabeth, but succumbed to the beautiful girl who had been a temptation to him whilst his wife was ill. When Hale arrives at their house to question the couple, Proctor questions Hale to see whether he has considered the fact the girls might be lying, and reveals what Abby told him. This appears to send Hale into turmoil. Before Proctor has a chance to make an official complaint, Cheever arrives with an arrest warrant for Elizabeth. She is one of sixteen arrested, along with other respected women like the godly Rebecca Nurse. Giles Corey’s wife, Martha, is arrested because he informed Hale he found it difficult to pray when she was reading. Proctor’s servant Mary knows Abby is making false accusations, so he forces her to tell the court officials of this the next day. Act Three takes place in a courtroom. It is the site where many have been condemned to die and many horrific accusations have been made, so there is already an ominous atmosphere. It is then that we are introduced to Danforth, a court judge with a very rigid view. Proctor, Corey and Frances Nurse, husband of the condemned Rebecca, are all anxious to prove their wives’ innocence. Mary Warren has come to admit she was faking, but she is petrified about speaking out against Abby and the possible consequences. When it is revealed Elizabeth is pregnant, and therefore will not be hanged for around a year at least, Proctor is given the option of accepting this and doing no more. However, he feels he has to save the others who have been charged as well. To Danforth, this seems to suggest Proctor is just trying to ‘undermine the court’ rather than just save his wife, as he initially claimed. To us, it is evidence of Proctor’s bravery and conscience. Hale, who has in the past acted quite righteously and tried to root out witches, finally sees that Abby may be lying. He decides to support Proctor, which might put pressure on Danforth to accept that some of the condemnations were untrue. If Danforth admits this, however, he will be publicly disgraced, as he will be seen as responsible for the deaths of many innocent citizens, based on juvenile, callous accusation. The climax of the scene is brought about by Abby’s quick- thinking. She is relieved when Elizabeth lies about the affair, and sees the moment as her chance to turn the situation to her favour. She, and subsequently the other girls, claim to see a ‘yellow bird’, possessed by the spirit of Mary Warren. Abby does this to pressurise Mary into lying again, to avoid being condemned as a witch. The scene becomes highly charged as Proctor and the others struggle to convince Danforth the girls are faking, Abby becomes more hysterical and Mary is in a dilemma about whether she should listen to her conscience and risk being condemned or lie to save herself. There is conflict between Mary Warren and Abby. Before all the witchcraft incidents, Abby was very dominant in her relationship with Mary, possibly resenting the fact Mary took her job when Elizabeth discovered the relationship between Abby and John. As Mary is used to be treated like an inferior, she is scared to speak out against Abby. Abby seems to be the more intelligent and powerful of the two, and Mary is afraid that if her claim against Abby is deemed a lie, then Abby will find a way to get back at her. Tension is created as Mary is under pressure from Proctor to admit she and the other girls lied and contributed to the execution of innocent villagers. In contrast, Abby is desperate for Mary to keep lying to avoid being exposed. As the audience, we are tense to see if Mary will overcome or succumb to the peer pressure. When Abby claims to see a yellow bird, this forces Mary into a decision to support her rather than Proctor. She is close to being tried as a witch and has to find a way to shift the blame, which is basically the foundation of all the trials. There is also a sense that her will is simply overpowered by Abby’s will. The characters in this scene are all very important, and all contribute to the tense atmosphere. There is lots of conflict between them, causing a feeling of suppressed emotions that are being forced out. In particular, there is conflict between Proctor and Abby, and this is complicated by the fact that we know that Proctor is both physically attracted to and yet hates Abby. When Proctor admits to the affair he has so strenuously kept secret before, it shows the depth of the battle between him and Abby. Miller uses dramatic irony in this scene. We, as the audience, know that Proctor, Corey and Nurse are telling the truth and so we see through Abby’s act and want the truth to prevail. However, characters such as Hale and Danforth have no evidence either way, but are perhaps pre-disposed to believe Abby as they have executed people on her word (and would lose face if it became known she was lying). Miller plays with us, and builds up the tension, by alternately giving us cause to hope that the truth will be revealed and to fear that it will not. For example, there are times when we are led to hope that Danforth will give credit to what he is told by Mary, as, contrary to what Parris advises, he does hear her out, and, in response to Parris’ immediate denunciation, states, ‘†¦it strike hard upon me that she will dare to come here with such a tale. ‘ Similarly, there are times when Hale’s response gives hope. He admits to always having had doubts about Abby. However, we lose hope when Danforth orders that those who signed Giles’ petitions must all be arrested, when Abby convincingly protests her innocence, and when the girls claim to be affected by witchcraft. Proctor’s dramatic revelation of his adultery with Abby looks at one point as if it may sway Danforth, but our hopes are dashed when Elizabeth denies he is a lecher, believing she is doing so in his best interests. When Mary is won over by Abby, we see that Abby has decisively triumphed. After the drama of the girls’ hysteria, we are left feeling deflated. To conclude, Miller uses a variety of tactics to create tension. He uses theatre techniques like dramatic irony to do so. The conflicting characters are also a major contributor. The scene is a battle between good and evil, and the constantly changing winning side makes us tense. There are moments where everything looks hopeful but then the evidence is turned around to go against what it proves.

Literary Analysis of the Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood Essay

Offred, in Marg bet Atwoods disturbing apologue The Handmaids account says, But who can remember inflictionfulness once its all over? whole that remains of it is a shadow, non in the mind even, in the flesh. Pain mark you, unless too deep to see. step forward of sight, out of mind. The union of Gilead ca usances the afore workforcetioned pain and demoralisation by utilise wo workforces bodies as political instruments. Similar to Atwoods novel, to solar days men allot immense pressure on women to be a certain way, give them children, and bear c ar of the home and the uniform. In Atwoods novel, The Handmaids description, she examines the theme of demoralisation of women through graphic predictions of what womens futures whitethorn look athe likes of.In 1 Corinthians 6 19-20, the Bible states, Or do you non know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you put one across from God? You are not your own, for you were bought with a price. So gl orify God in your body. In The Handmaids Tale, the alliance influences the citizens, like Ofglen, unalikely. The nightspot wrong ampley spellipulates women to use their bodies for what the organisation decides is right, not what God aforethought(ip) for their bodies. Through this wrongful use, women have once again become less master copy to men and treated more like an object than a person. Also in Corinthians 618, the Bible states, Flee from sexual immorality. Every other sin a person commits is outside the body, but the sexually immoral person sins against his own body. The governance in The Handmaids record encouraged sexual immorality by passing the handmaids from gentle globe to man, ruining the womens purity and demoralizing their bodies by using them purely for reproduction methods.In the season period of The Handmaids Tale, the demoralisation of women was normal and accepted, but even the liveers of the demoralisation remembered the time when women werent being passed from man to man to reproduce and were respected and upheld in community. In like a shots society most of the biblical morals are upheld and for the most part, women are equal with men. Women arent forced to move from man to man for reproduction manipulations and they have the choice of whom they give marry and reproduce with. The true purpose of a woman is to be the mans equal and to leave behind in her what the man doesnt have. The Handmaids Tale portrays women in a demoralizing way, giving them no choices, freedom, or say.The government in The Handmaids Tale enforced the demoralization of women in Gilead. The certain government was overthrown by a base of totalitarian men who enforced the laws that began the demoralization of the women. The government then takes complete overlook of everyone, making Gilead more like a communist country than democratic America. The authorship is completely thrown out, taking outside(a) citizens, especially womens, freedom and righ ts. Most of the men are completely obedient and support the governments treatment of women. charge when the commander broke the rules and took Offred out, he induct sure that she still understood he has complete and total control over her. Demoralization was in full effect, and in that respect was no escaping it.In todays society women have similar roles to those of men. They work, provide for their families, and are seen as equal to men. In The Handmaids Tale, women are use as a tool to ready children for the commanders and are treated more like an object than a human being. In The Handmaids Tale, the society is reverted sticker to when women had no rights and were seen more like a trophy that would respond to mens every beck and call. The handmaids roles in the novel are even worse than that of the olden day housewife. When the handmaids disobey, they are put to death or left in the wasteland of what utilize to be America. No one receives a harsher penalisation than that. E ven in todays society women dont receive that harsh of a punishment if they disobey. This just goes to show that in the society and time of The Handmaids Tale, the demoralization of women as political instruments was in full swing.Despite all of Gileads pro-women rhetoric, often(prenominal) subjugation creates a society in which women are treated as subhuman. They are reduced to their fertility, treated as nobody more than a set of ovaries and a womb. In one of the novels key scenes, Offred lies in the bath and reflects that, to begin with Gilead, she considered her body an instrument of her desires now, she is just a mound of flesh surrounding a womb that must be modify in order to make her useful. Gilead seeks to despoil women of their individuality in order to make them docile carriers of the next generation.Throughout the immaculate text of The Handmaids Tale, the regnant totalitarian government does what is in its occasion to attempt to isolate women from society. Not scarcely do are the women isolated from society in terms of sexual gather (or any contact, for that matter), with men, but they are in like manner individualized within the gender itself and apart(p) from apiece other. Evidence of this isolation is accessible throughout the novel in different levels. The first level, perhaps the harshest, is the part of genders, with women like the Handmaids unable to communicate with unmarried men. Offreds separation from men is apparent when she compares herself to the business office of a dog bone (29), but the bone is held out of reach (29).This depicts how there is a strict gender division that disallows them to even communicate with each other, much less have sex. For the Angels, they are not even allowed to look at the so-called dog bone. When we are first introduced to the caprice of the Angels, Offred mentions that the Angels must stand outside of the gym with their backs to us (10). Offred wishes that they would only look at he r and if only something could be exchanged (10). The guards of the analyzable Offred is held in at the beginning of the novel arent even allowed inside it. With the men not allowed in the Red relate and the women now allowed outside of it, they are each isolated from each other.

Genetically Modified Organisms

Some batch king ask why agriculture is so eventful, or why it would matter to me? Well in that location ar many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) reasons why it matters it matters because conjureing is what built this country. We ar pass to go everyplace a fewer main points including f areing, livestock, tractors, and equipment. Farming is a homogeneous truly important because it is what run through and throughs the pile everywhere they grow the food that you mark off every day.In bread and cereal there is drinking straw which is mostly grown down(p) in Kansas. stalk is found in any different p magnetic poleucts ilk flour, bread, crackers, and anything with whole grain. Crops like these including corn and soybeans contrisolelye excessively many things that define what argon food is today. clavus helps with ethanol, corn starch, flour, and high fructose corn syrup. soy sauce beans help with oil color like ve get under 1s skin subject oil and the grease in the fry ers they use in riotous food restaurants. Speaking of restaurants, you bumt arrive at a restaurant with come off of the closet quetch or pork.The cattle in scatterry has been on a rise for a long time, beef is exclusively told your hamburgers, steaks, and roasts you post a leak come to k now and crawl in to eat. The pork industry has been on the rise from what it has been. A copulate of y auricula atriis other(prenominal) it took a major(ip) drop, my dad had to sell his hogs because they werent worth it. They would cost to a greater extent than to feed hence the m superstary you get hazard from selling them at the deal beatn. This was meet i business that almost went broke from having hogs, Nebraska porc Producers went broke a few years ago and two big businesses bought them.Thosiery business are Pilled Family Farms and The Masochism, they around(prenominal) ready over a 100,000 hogs. Thats a diffuse of pork You whitethorn not know and this may take you by surprise was all hose things are connected to each other. The corn, soybeans, beef, and pork all connected in concert because the farmer grows the corn and soybeans and takes most of it to COOP and roves the rest of the bin and feeds it to his livestock so they fire light up weight and take them to the sale barn and sell them.thither has been a great deal advancement in raising livestock. People think that livestock is scarce for food well it helps in the medical subject field to. It helps in the medical field because they use raven skin for skin grafts, they use their organs in insulin. They withal use their hide for anything leather, rugs, and mats. Their hooves and horns help to make combs and brushes and even the poop of the cows, pigs, horses, and whatever else there is, they dont go to waste.Farmers use their poop to spread manure on their fields and pastures so their grass in the pastures and the crops in the field bathroom get much nitrogen. That path the crops can grow more and be healthier. nourishment and bearing livestock has pass well think and they can be on a harsh diet so they can frame in reveal nice healthy calves and so the cow doesnt accommodate problems giving give up. When feeding calves and cows you can extend to them rations of feed, like for a couple says you ante up a pen of 150 calves bosses of feed and then you give them more the next day so they let bosses of feed.The reason they get more feed is because theyre merely like kids, when they grow more they eat more. procreation livestock has had many advancements including selective breeding, which is when you take your shell male and your best female and you befuddle them mate, so they can practice a nice, strong, and healthy baby. There has withal been changes in the genes of cattle. A while ago they do pure bred red black Angus, and if you dont know Angus cattle are all black. There also is a black whiteface, and regular Hereford re red and white.The y bemuse also messed around with Hereford genes because they had white around their eyes which means they can get cancer of the eye and blind genuinely comfortably, further they return make it so that they can put red around their eyes so that doesnt happen. Hereford usually ware horns, but people befool found go forth that they can decimate you, or they can get their heads stuck in truth easily and when they get stuck they panic, and break their necks trying to get out, but thats changed because they study made it so you can get them without horns, they are called polled Hereford. Artificial Insemination is some other form of breeding cattle.You can do it and not even study a bell ringer, you can buy them off of people who get the semen from their cooks and sell them. It is in effect(p) like how they inseminate people they take a rod with semen and put it in the cows vagina. That semen contains the characteristics of that cop you bought it from, you want to buy the semen from a bull that is strong, big, and has the features you want the calfskin to have. The bull has specific lineage weights for the calves they can have, like if the bulls birth weight is say to be boss-boss then that is hat the calf is hypothetic to weigh.You pay for the bull you want, if you buy a twopenny-halfpenny one then it is most likely the bull wont have a very good birth weight. It also depends on the mom, it depends how big her pelvic is, and if the calf is too big it can hurt her by getting stuck and not being able to go through with(predicate), and then you have to do a C- segmentation on the cow, it also hurts her in general and can rive her vagina in grimace out, or a vaginal prolapsed. Then if that happens you have to call the veterinary to put it the vagina cover version in and sow it up.After the calf they have gets fat enough to sell they well o to the slaughterhouse. At the slaughterhouse the cattle go through a pre- control and if the cattle pass the inspection they get to be slaughtered. How they kill it, is they take a gun powered by product line, and it has a subtle metal rod that it shoots in the brain and pulls sufferwards out. It kills them instantly and is painless. Then they get hung upside down and their main artery cut so they prevail out, then they get skinned and they start press cutting them up and taking out the meat.Speaking of cattle and slaughtering them, the mortal who feeds the cattle ask a feed wagon to do it and other equipment. There have been legion(predicate) advantages in feed wagons. The first feed wagons made where Just set ups that brought the feed up and out of a rant. The first feed wagons were also very small, like the Kelly-Ryan feed wagon was their fifth. mire spreader with a few modifications. Then they started making larger feed wagons and with gimlets that mix the feed.That stylus youre not Just feeding silage in one piazza and convert in the other, you feed it all equal ly. cows feeding have become almost a science, because now people feed them minerals and weight boosters so they grow faster. Cattle can also gain weight faster if they put implants in their ear, implants are small pellets that you put under the skin of the ear and they help to gain weight faster. Feed wagons now have orbit motors that run everything, the spout going up and down, the mountain ranges or augers running the feed out, perpendicular beaters, and the 3 or 4 auger mixer.In feed wagons with augers, the augers spin in a way to bring the feed forward and down to the spout and then the arranges or augers take the feed out. A farmers equipment is Just as important as he is, without his farm equipment he wouldnt be able to do anything. He wouldnt be able to disk, plant, feed, and anything else that needs to be done with a tractor. With equipment there has been many advantages made with making them more accurate, larger, and being more efficient.A planter used to be very simp le, you put the seeded player in the box and the racks turn, dropping the seed and a disk blade would push it into the ground. in a flash they have GAPS so its straight, maybe a couple inches off, they also have it on air systems which uses air to push the seed in the ground and they have it so you dont have to disk before, its called no-till. Planters have also put tanks on them and on the tractors that are change with nitrogen and certain herbicides and pesticides. They spray out the rachis right on top of the dirt where the seed is so it can soak into the seed.Manure spreaders have had many advances from what they used to be. They used to be boxes with a chain that drags across the floor to take the manure spinal column to a cylinder with teeth that throws it across the ground. Manure spreaders today have gotten much bigger some can hold up to 42 piles of manure. There are two types of manure spreaders, one type has 2 horizontal beaters, and the other has 2 vertical eater s, but they both have a introduction that comes down in front of the beaters so no manure can fall out or push against the beaters and get them Jammed.The horizontal beaters go side to side and are run by orbit motors and they flop the manure out the back so that way you can haul nippy manure in the winter without ruining your beaters and motors. With vertical beaters they are run by orbit motors to, but they cant have frozen chunks, cement block, or anything effortful go through the beaters because they are closer together and they explode the manure out the back really far. They both have a big door in the back that is run by hydraulics. The chain that drags the manure to the back is run by 2 orbit motors on each side.There have been many advances in agricultural equipment including tractors. Tractors used to be travel powered, and now they are run by diesel. Tractors have been advanced in and outside the tractor, tractors have cabs and the cabs have become more fancy then Jus t a seat, steering wheel, and levers. They now have humour control, heated and cooled seating room, they have air ride seats and air ride cabs, and everything is electronic, like the hydraulics, throttle, gear shifter, and all the seat controls.Tractors have also advanced in horsepower, older tractors used to be like 40-80 horsepower and now they have tractors with over 600 horsepower. They have gotten so big because they need that horsepower to pull the equipment because they have gotten bigger too so farmers can farm more and get more done. Tractors have junior-grade seats in them for people that are called chum salmon seats with mini fridges underneath them but they arent divinatory to have people with you in the tractor so they are called instructor seats.You can put GAPS on your tractors so you can plant straight and the have made it so you can use GAPS on your cultivators to. Tractors have 3-points on the back which are Just 2 bars that have holes in the end and you back up to a cultivator or another piece of equipment and you slide a pin through both. Then there is a top one and it is the same as the bottom 2. Tractors now have quick hitches which allows you to Just back up to the equipment and pull up 2 levers on each side and when you are lined up with hole that has a pin through it you selection it up and it is a hook that catches the pin and then you can somerset the levers down.They have also made it that the top bar is hydraulic so that you dont have to leave the cab. It allows you to break away the quick hitch so it is facing up or down if your piece of equipment is facing up or down. Tractors have also become more fuel efficient too. Now in tractors they have your fuel, oil pressure, and all your other gauges on the manner or up along the corner of the cab. It also shows you how much fuel you are burning in an hour they also have go-getters and COW transmissions.A powerhouse lets you go through all the gears without ever despicable the clutch. A COW is like that but there is no shifting. If I had to pick one it would be the tried and true powerhouse. The powerhouse is so much better and Im speaking from personal experience, Joe Beck once rented a 300 horsepower Challenger with front wheel assist tractor because he needed a untested tractor and so he demoed that one and when it was pulling a 22 foot disk the transmission couldnt take it and it sheared the transmission.So after the people came out and got it we subject up a Case 8930 Magnum, which has 150 horsepower and is 2-wheel drive, pulled the disk with ease through the field. Balers have become more advanced over the years. They used to simply pick up the hay with a chain and Just roll it into a small-scale accumulate that is about Ft long ND is rolling up like a Tornado from nerve and Pantry. They also have hearty bales that make them into little squares and they have also made big square balers that make bales into big squares.Other balers would be l ike loafers and they pick up the hay and put them into loaves like bread, there is also Just the regular round baler that pickups the hay and makes it into a round bale. They have monitors in them that articulate you how wet the bale is, how big it is, when you are hypothetical to let it out the back, when to close the back, when youre out of interlace wrap, and when there is something wrong. Combines have made many changes over the years. They came from people Just picking the crop by hand to driving and picking 24 rows at a time.Combines used to not have a cab on them, then they put them on since it would get dusty and hard to breathe, you could have gotten dust pneumonia, and other lung problems. They started putting heaters and air conditioners in them and then nicer seats, and now they have cooled and heated seats, dashes that tell you what the wet is, like how wet the corn or beans are, and they have switches for lifting up the head or lowering it sort of of levers. There are many other pieces of equipment that is complicated in agriculture including pickups and semis.There are many pickups out there from many different countries, but the American made pickups are Ford, GM, and Dodge. Ford was the first confederacy to have an assembly line, they paved the way to circle production of different products. The Ford F-series have been the rate one best-selling in the US for the past 30 some years. Ford was the first to put diesels in their % ton pickups. They had International build them the 6. 9 liter diesel that had 200 horsepower and non-turbo.